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治疗幼儿急疹和川崎病退烧消炎药最常用!

发布日期:2024-09-11 06:46:14编辑:胖虎爱撩妹

 
幼儿急疹难预判,护理发烧是关键
 
幼儿急疹是一种小儿常见病,绝大多数的宝宝,在1岁之前,第一次发烧都是因为这种病。实际上这也是一种病毒感染。之所以把幼儿急疹放在发烧之后谈,是因为它通常表现的症状就是高烧。这种病即使你带着宝宝去医院,很多时候医生也不能明确给出诊断,只能作病后诊断。等宝宝热退疹出,就是烧了3~4天,疹子出来了,医生根据这些表现,才能够判定宝宝患的是幼儿急疹。
 
这种病对身体伤害没有那么大,如果在高烧时用退烧药退烧以后宝宝精神状态挺好,就不用太着急。疹子出来以后宝宝就没有什么症状了,疹子通常也不疼不痒的,也就不用对疹子进行特殊治疗了。
 
我有一个病人的宝宝,5个多月的时候患了幼儿急疹。一开始她误以为宝宝发烧一定不要给他吃退烧药,就坚持给宝宝物理降温,即使物理降温退不了烧也硬扛着不给宝宝吃药。当宝宝烧到了39.8℃,家人心理防线完全崩溃了,才想起家里备着美林。宝宝倒还好,还没有出现惊厥抽搐,家里人就按照估计的剂量把美林喂给了宝宝。结果宝宝吃完两个小时后,体温迅速降到了35.2℃,身上变得冰凉。宝宝妈妈当时吓坏了,马上查询我的微博,这时她才知道,6个月以上的宝宝才能吃美林!还有,即使宝宝达到吃美林的年龄,也应该按照宝宝的体重给剂量,而不是估算剂量。
 
另外一点,对于退烧药的使用,我一直强调,首选的退烧药应该是对乙酰氨基酚,也就是家长们熟知的泰诺林,只有吃了泰诺林烧退不下来,才会考虑用美林,也就是布洛芬。因为在布洛芬的说明书中,按作用排序应该是消炎、镇痛、解热,布洛芬的首要药理作用不是退烧,而是消炎,解热的作用是排在最后的。
 
发病12天内是治愈川崎病的黄金时间
 
如果你对布洛芬这个名字不熟悉的话,你一定听说过它的老大哥阿司匹林,阿司匹林和布洛芬属于同一个消炎镇痛药家族,是这一家族中的长子。
 
日常生活中,阿司匹林是人人皆知、家庭常备的药品,许多人甚至总结出了“头痛发烧,阿司匹林一包”的生活经验。然而,研究发现,如果给患有病毒感染的儿童服用此药,容易引发雷耶综合征——一种由阿司匹林引起的以神经精神症状为主的疾病,病人表现出过度疲劳、异常兴奋、频繁呕吐、体温高和肝功能异常等症状,死亡率可达30%。因此,所有阿司匹林的药品说明书里都会有这样一句话:“16岁以下的儿童和青少年不宜服用本品,除非有明确的适应症,如川崎病。”
 
目前川崎病(Kawasakidisease)发病率越来越高,在这里有必要普及一下这种病的相关信息,给家长们提供一些必要的知识储备。川崎病又称黏膜淋巴结综合征,是一种常常发生在5岁以下婴幼儿身上的急性、发烧性、出疹性疾病,症状表现为持续性发烧、皮疹、口唇红、手掌及足底脱皮和淋巴结肿大等,病因目前还没研究清楚。由于此病是由日本医生川崎富作首次报道出来的,因此被称为川崎病。此病首发症状是发烧,身上同时伴发有疹子,所以常常会被误诊为感冒、麻疹或猩红热。判断是否患上了川崎病,主要看有没有以下6个方面的表现:
 
第一,持续发烧5天以上,体温大多在38℃~40℃。
 
感冒通常发烧3~5天会自动退烧,超过5天的高烧一定要去医院明确诊断。另外,与感冒相比,川崎病患儿发病初期常常食欲不振,精神不好,多数在发病之初就比较严重;而感冒患儿发病初期常常吃、喝、玩不误,精神状态还好。
 
第二,双侧白眼球、结膜充血,但没有眼部分泌物。
 
第三,口腔和咽部黏膜充血,嘴唇发红并干裂,并呈现草莓样舌。
 
第四,颈部淋巴结肿大。这一症状是所有主要症状当中出现频率最低的一个,两岁以下患儿出现的比例可以低到50%,很多两岁以下患儿不出现颈部淋巴结肿大。
 
第五,躯干部形成多形性红斑,但没有水疱或结痂。红斑或是渐渐消退,或是形成更大的斑,像地图一样。
 
第六,发病初期掌心和脚心出现红斑,手心和脚心红肿,如同冻疮一样硬肿。发病的第10~15天进入恢复期,开始出现手指和脚趾的膜状脱皮。
 
对川崎病的诊断比较简单,6个症状中只要出现5个就可以确诊。如果6个症状中只出现4个,但通过超声心动检查或心血管造影检查证实了冠状动脉瘤(或动脉扩大),在排除其他疾病的基础上可以确诊为川崎病。
 
值得家长们欣慰的是,川崎病并不是疑难杂症,早期治疗效果非常好。在宝宝发病12天以内治疗都算早期,绝大多数可治愈,对川崎病的治疗也已经有了比较成熟的方法,主要有两种治疗药物:
 
第一,阿司匹林。早期需要的剂量会比较大,主要是针对炎症,后期继续使用小剂量的阿司匹林,主要是防止血小板聚集、防止冠状动脉的血栓。这很好理解,从药理学分类上看,阿司匹林属于非甾体消炎药,有消炎的作用,另外,小剂量阿司匹林(75~100毫克)有抗血小板聚集作用,因此现在广泛作为抗血栓药使用。北京市卫生局曾发布新闻,指出北京市住院和死亡原因排在首位的是血栓性疾病,因此市卫生局将“推广阿司匹林预防血栓性疾病”工作纳入“阳光长城计划”,对社区医生开展专业培训指导,提高血栓性疾病患者阿司匹林的使用率,从而降低其再发率,改善患者生活质量。
 
第二,大剂量的丙种球蛋白。90%的患儿对丙种球蛋白都是敏感的,所以,使用大剂量的丙种球蛋白后,一般在48小时之内,持续的高热就可能退下了,也可以减少冠状动脉病变的发生率。患儿通常在一周左右就可以出院,但冠状动脉的病变有可能滞后,所以在治愈后的两个月内,要继续服用小剂量的阿司匹林,并定期进行心脏彩超或者心电图的复查。
 
如果能早期诊断早期治疗,川崎病导致的心脏并发症并不多见,家长们不要被网络百科上列举的可怕并发症吓到,平时多储备疾病方面的科普知识,病到临头时早发现早治疗是关键。
 
顺便提一句,如果宝宝接受了丙种球蛋白治疗,通常11个月内不建议接种活疫苗(比如麻疹以及水痘疫苗),因为这期间接种活疫苗有可能不产生抗体,也就是说有可能打了白打,疫苗起不到应有的保护作用。
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