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为何多动儿童还要用兴奋剂

发布日期：2015-05-23 12:02:19编辑：Chen

多动症的发病率高，国内研究表明多动症的发病率为3-5%。根据调查，国内6-14岁儿童多动症的发病率为5.4%。如果一个班里有50个小朋友，就有2-3个小朋友会符合多动症的症状。这是一个比较高的发病率。

多动症有多种病因——遗传因素是根源

多动症是一种异质性的行为障碍，有多种可能的病因。遗传因素、中枢神经系统损伤因素、心理社会的因素等到都会导致发病。其中，遗传因素是根源。但是并非说父母有多动症，小孩就会有多动症。可能父母携带患多动症的基因，下一代的大脑中存在相应的神经递质，加上环境和社会的影响，小孩就可能患上多动症。

多动症常见治疗方式——药物治疗是基础

随着年龄的增长，三分之二的儿童症状会有不同程度的减轻，三分之一的孩子会彻底治愈。有一部分小孩在长大后虽然多动的症状消失，但是仍然会存在易冲动的表现。

多动症的治疗方式有很多，最常见的是家长学校对多动儿童行为的矫正和药物治疗，其中药物治疗是基础。国内常见的药物有中枢兴奋剂（盐酸哌醋甲酯片），例如利他林和专注达。还有中枢去甲肾上腺素调节药物，例如择思达和可乐定贴。抗抑郁的药品有氟伏沙明。

还有一些中医中药例如多动宁胶囊、小儿智力糖浆、耳针等。药物治疗至少需要一年时间。前半年为调整药物剂量的阶段，等到剂量稳定一年以上，医生会进行评估，再考虑停药。

服用药物后孩子会出现的主要变化有：注意力明显改善，小动作减少，成绩相应提高，师生关系改善，患儿情绪稳定，自信心提高，亲子关系改善等等。

为何多动儿童还要用兴奋剂

ADHD儿童的大脑功能还不成熟，对皮层下中枢的抑制作用减弱，因此会出现皮层下中枢过度兴奋的表现。兴奋剂可提高大脑兴奋性，从而控制皮层下中枢的过度兴奋，结果注意增强、小动作减少、自控力提高，先“兴奋大脑”，让大脑来“管理自己”，因此服药后患儿不会更加兴奋。

多动症儿童长期服用兴奋剂不会上瘾

“药物成瘾”是指长期服用某种药物后，产生诸如快感、情绪高涨等异常感觉，逐渐形成了对该药的强烈依赖，不能自拔。停药后会产生撤药反跳现象，病情加重。由于兴奋剂药物作用时间较短，知识暂时缓解症状，停药后症状可能出现，但症状不会因停药二加重。

第二，服药时也绝对不会产生欣快感及情绪高涨等异常感觉。ADHD儿童服用兴奋剂时间虽长，但是药剂量小，因此长期服用也不会成瘾。

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