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这4个方法让孩子摆脱“自闭”，社交力提升99%+

发布日期：2024-08-20 03:08:04编辑：网络收集

自闭症孩子会主动与人交流吗？

会，但要分情况。

程度较差的孩子，干预得比较好的，有可能会非常乐于主动交流。但交流方法模式化，交流的技巧单一一些。

程度特别好的，不爱主动交流，但也会有主动交流的时候，但只交流自己的兴趣点，遇到自己没兴趣的事情就不交流了。

所以，我们在给孩子做康复干预的时候，要尽量教孩子正确的和多样的交流模式。

自闭症儿童应训练哪些社交能力？

开发自闭症儿童的社交理解和社会能力所必须的技能，主要体现在以下几个方面：

① 社会交往意识：孩子能够主动跟人交流，去吸引别人的注意力，跟别人互动起来；

② 语言和非语言的能力：孩子向大人提要求，沟通表达时能够使用语言、还能用肢体动作、表情、眼神等非语言的能力；

③ 社会性模仿：孩子能懂得观察他人，并且从中得到学习；

④ 游戏技能：在合适的年龄阶段，孩子能够具备跟人假想游戏，规则性游戏的能力。

如何帮孩子获得这些能力呢？

我们在平时的训练中，可以给孩子设计一些社交游戏和经历，将合作性、帮助性、竞争性、分享性、参与性、轮流性、规则性、情感性、描述性等社交元素融入到孩子的游戏和日常生活中，让孩子随时随地都可以体验到社交的快乐和成就感。

01

搭建社交情景

1、激发孩子社交沟通的动机

营造孩子喜欢的环境，激发他主动与他人沟通。比如，在旋转游戏中忽然停止，只有当他主动提出要求后才继续旋转。

2、营造孩子需要他人协助的情景

比如，把孩子喜欢的食物放在很难拧开的瓶子里，在他跟前不时地晃动，吸引他的注意力，刺激他向人寻求帮助。

3、互动游戏中进行角色转换

轮流进行某活动，比如在躲迷藏的游戏中，轮流扮演寻找的人与躲藏的人。我们也可以利用一些天然的生活场景，比如让孩子辅助接听电话。

4、对孩子的社交行为给予积极反应

●动作回应：如竖大拇指、注视孩子、拍拍肩膀、亲吻等；

●话语回应：如表扬语「你刚才....，真棒」等；

●食物奖励：如每主动发起社交行为就奖励食物一次（食物最好是孩子平时不能轻易得到的）；

●其他奖励：如孩子每主动发起社交行为，就允许他做喜欢的游戏一次。

02

寻找社交介质

为孩子选择适合的社交故事书，可以选择一些关于友谊、同伴冲突的书，通过讲故事，或是漫画式对谈——借着简单的人物图形、符号、文字和颜色，促进自闭症孩子的纸上交谈能力。

还可拍摄自闭症孩子的行为片段，让他们观察自己的行为，并与他们一起谈论什么是适当或不适当的社交行为，从而作出纠正。

03

创造社交机会

我们可以为孩子多多制造接触社会的机会，比如：

● 实地体验：散步时多带孩子认识学校和家附近的社区环境；

● 积极参与：有些学校会组织课余的小型跨校活动，多参与，多融入，扩展孩子生活圈子，体验群体生活；

● 安排服务社群的活动：如探访老人、清洁社区等，培养他们乐于服务社会的态度；

● 亲人间的走访：与亲友或邻居保持良好的关系，增加自闭症孩子与人接触的机会。

04

引导社交模仿

语言和游戏技能的发展与模仿关系密切。因此，对自闭症孩子来说，学会如何在游戏和日常活动中自发地模仿他人是非常重要的。

我们的目标是让孩子加入来回的「社交游戏」中，家长和孩子可以在其间轮流相互模仿。在互动过程中，由家长完成大多数的模仿；我们只期望孩子每1～2分钟模仿你一次。

1. 反向模仿孩子

使用玩具、手势、身体动作和发声来模仿孩子所有的游戏，这项技术为教导社交模仿奠定了基础，因为孩子认识到模仿是一种来回互动。当你运用模仿孩子时，有两个相同或相似的玩具会有所帮助。

2. 描述你的模仿

描述一下你和孩子正在做什么，强调你正在做相同的事情。对你和孩子的游戏进行连续的「实时报道」。这就像是自言自语。

例如，如果你正在示范如何玩一辆小汽车，你可以说「呜，呜」或「推车子」。当描述你的游戏时，确保是围绕孩子的兴趣点展开的。

3. 示范希望孩子模仿的一项技能

一旦你已经开始模仿孩子并对模仿进行描述时，获得孩子的关注并向他示范一项新技能。然后提示孩子模仿新技能。你可以根据孩子的目标来选择示范如何玩玩具或者示范手势。

当你对一个动作进行示范及描述后，停下来，等待。给孩子提供自发模仿你动作的机会。如果孩子无法进行自发模仿的话，重复三次，示范相同的动作并使用相同的言语。

4. 提示模仿

当你做出三次示范后，如果孩子仍然无法进行模仿的话，你可以使用言语指令，比如「你来做」。如果他还没有反应的话，那你可以辅助孩子的身体来进行模仿。

5. 给予强化

一旦孩子对你进行模仿，立即对他进行表扬，并在下一分钟让他玩喜欢的玩具。

对孩子来说，能做到与你的动作大致相当要比准确完成一个特定的动作更加重要，因此，确保对孩子的每一次尝试模仿进行表扬，即使并不完美。一旦孩子已经做出模仿，你应该反过来模仿他。

社会交往障碍是自闭症孩子最核心的缺陷，也是一个孩子之所以被诊断为自闭症的主要依据。自闭症孩子的社交障碍往往使他们不喜欢，亦或不会与人建立良好的社交关系。

所以，家长只有先让孩子感受到社交的魅力，找到让孩子喜欢的、能带给他欢笑的社交常规，才能进一步发展社交技巧，从而真正融入社会。
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