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教孩子学论语:“学而时习之不亦悦乎”和复习无关,是我理解错了

发布日期:2024-08-09 12:06:37编辑:网络收集

前几天,女儿拿着一本书问我:“妈妈,学而时习之不亦悦乎是什么意思啊!”

我笑着说:“这句话的意思是经常复习我们学过的知识,难道不是一件快乐的事情吗?”

女儿却一脸诧异地问:“复习有什么好高兴的,我就不喜欢复习。”

一句话把我也问住了,我当时也有过类似的想法,除非脑子有病才会认为复习是一件快乐的事。

每每看到孩子学习不好,我们就会劝孩子要复习,顺便还会吟一句“学而时习之不亦悦乎”。可你知道吗,孔老夫子当年说这句话的时候,本意不是学习方法,而是学习的本质。

为了解释女儿的疑惑,我开始读南怀瑾先生的《论语别裁》,从中偶有所感,希望记录下来,与君共勉。

我们知道孔子的《论语》是由他的学生,以及学生的学生编纂而成,记录了孔子的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念等,全书二十篇,要属《学而》这篇最为著名,无论老幼都能背诵几句。

子曰:学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?

“学而时习之,不亦悦乎”是什么意思?

估计小学生都能娓娓道来。按照书本上的解释就是,学习知识的过程中经常复习,难道不是一件快乐的事情吗?

我就想问一件事,学习真的是一件快乐的事情吗?显然大多数的学生并不这么认为,而应该是“学而时习之,不亦苦乎”。

导致孩子们误解孔老夫子的原因有二,一是孔夫子的水平真有问题,二是我们一定是曲解了孔夫子的真实意思。.

南师认为“学而时习之”中的“学”字指的是学问,不是学习。这里的学问指的是人生经验,做人的体会,不是我们口中的文学、文字,因此没有文凭的人也可以有学问。

我们在生活中不断学习学问、从别人错误中悟到学问,然后应用到生活中,心里就会觉得很快乐,这才是“学而时习之,不亦悦乎”的本意。比如我们看到一个人朋友要出门,你说“别出门,今天有雨。”

他不信你的,结果真的浇了一个落汤鸡。

我们虽然没有惋惜他的不幸,但还是会为自己的“时习之”而悦,也就是王阳明说的“知行合一”。

再说“有朋自远方来”的问题

我们再来说说“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎”,有个朋友从远方来是要接风洗尘,可是一笔不小的开销,所以有朋友来未必是一件高兴的事。假如来的人不是一般的朋友,而是一个能够理解你的知己那就另当别论了。

南师认为这一句和上一句是相关联的,讲的是一个做学问的人是非常孤独的,就像孔子本人一生寂寞,政治主张不被人认可,他也没有去赴宴权贵求富贵。

孔子认为只要有学问,自然有知己,因此他宁可穷苦一生,从事教育事业。一个坚持做学问的人是孤单的,如果这时候来一个理解他的人,难道不是一件高兴的事情吗?南师还认为“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎”中的远不仅仅是空间上,还是时间上的,同样也说明了知己难得。所以这句话的正确理解是做学问不要怕没人理解你,慢慢会有人了解你的,这个人可能在远方,也可能在很多年之后,只要有人了解你,就是一件值得高兴的事。

最后聊聊“人不知而不愠”

既然前面两句错了,最后一句肯定也是错的了。第三句讲的就是一个非常不幸学问人,一辈子也没等到知己,一个真正了解自己的人,他一点也不生气,从不怨天尤人。

人能够真正做到了为学问而学问,就不怨天、不尤人,就反问自己,为什么我站不起来?为什么我没有达到这个目的?

是自己的学问、修养、做法种种的问题。自己痛切反省,自己内心里并不蕴藏怨天尤人的念头。拿现在的观念说,这种心理是绝对健康的心理,这样才是君子。君子才够得上做学问,够得上学习人生之道,拿现代的新观念来讲,就是讲究人生哲学的开始。

再说,连贯这三句话的意义来说明读书做学问的修养,自始至终,无非要先能自得其乐,然后才能“后天下之乐而乐”。所以这三句话的重点,在于中间一句的“不亦乐乎”。

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