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母乳喂养,新妈妈要的是信心

发布日期:2024-07-18 10:45:03编辑:胖虎爱撩妹

  母乳是婴儿最佳的食物,它不仅含有婴儿生长发育所必需的全部营养成分,而且其中所含丰富的免疫物质又能保持婴儿免受各种病邪的侵袭,增强婴儿抗病能力。另外,哺乳的过程中,母婴间皮肤的频繁接触、感情的交流、母亲的爱抚与照顾都有益于孩子的心理和社会适应性的健全。
 
  可是,妈妈们在精心哺喂宝宝的同时又会心存顾忌——乳汁不够婴儿的需要该怎么办,这种想法会让妈妈们感到自己的乳汁分泌似乎日益减少,甚至对坚持母乳喂养缺乏信心。如何解除这些方面的忧虑和促使乳汁分泌增多呢?
 
  一、要始终保持充沛的乳汁,妈妈必须注意以下两点
 
  ·早接触、早吸吮
 
  在孩子出生后的30分钟内,当脐带一断,擦干净婴儿身上的血迹后马上让孩子裸体叭在母亲胸前,在助产士的帮助下让孩子吸吮母亲的乳头,而且最初的母婴接触最好能持续30分钟以上。
 
  这是因为新生儿在出生后20--50分钟时正处于兴奋期,他们的吸吮反射最为强烈,过后可能因疲劳而会较长时间地处于昏昏欲睡的状态中,吸吮力也没有出生时那么强了,因此要抓住这一关键时机,让孩子尽早地接触母亲,尽早地吸吮乳汁,这样会给孩子留下一个很强的记忆,过一两个小时再让他吸吮时,他即能很好地进行吸吮。
 
  由于尽早地让婴儿吸吮了乳头,可使使母亲内产生更多的泌乳素和催产素,而母婴间持续频繁的接触,使这些反射不断强化,从而达到了理想的程度。这样母亲的乳汁在婴儿出生后马上就开始分泌了。相比之下,没有经过早吸吮的母亲,大约在2天左右才开始泌乳。当母亲看到孩子学会了吸吮,自胶的乳汁正源源不断地流入孩子的口中,心中无比欢欣,对进行母乳喂养一定会满怀信心。
 
  ·母婴同室,按需哺乳
 
  分娩后应让孩子一直睡在母亲的身旁或身边的小床上,始终不要分离,因为这样才便于按需哺乳,即孩子饿了母亲可以随时喂他,不硬性规定进食时间。另外,当母亲感觉乳房胀满或孩子睡眠时间超过3小时,就要把孩子叫醒予以喂奶。
 
  产后一周是逐步完善泌乳生理的关键时刻,泌乳需要依靠频繁吸吮来维持,这样乳汁越吸才能越多。此外,对新生儿来说,最初一周内要适应与在子宫内完全不同的宫外生活,非常需要一种安慰,而吸吮乳头则是他们所渴求的最好安慰之一。正因为婴儿的不断吸吮,才使使母亲泌乳功能的不断完善,而乳汁大量分泌,这既满足了孩子生理上的需要,也满足了心理上的需要。婴儿睡在母亲身旁,当母亲看到她的孩子各种可爱的表情,听到孩子的哭声,便能促使喷乳反射的产生;孩子由于经常看到母亲微笑的面容,闻到奶香的气息,听到熟悉的声音,得到深情的爱抚,则不但能增进食欲,还有利于神系统的发育。
 
  二、为了促使乳汁分泌,还必须注意以下三点
 
  ·掌握喂捕技巧
 
  乳汁分泌的多少与喂哺的技巧也有着一定关系。无论是躺着喂、坐着喂,母亲全身肌肉都要放松,体位要舒适,这样才有利于乳汁排出。
 
  孩子的胸腹部要紧贴母亲的胸腹部,下颏紧贴母亲的乳房。母亲将拇指和四指分别放在乳房的上、下方,托起整个乳房(成锥形)。先将乳头触及婴儿的口唇,在婴儿口张大,舌向外伸展的一瞬间将婴儿进一步贴近母亲的乳房,使其能张大嘴把乳头及乳晕的大部分吸入口内,这样婴儿在吸吮时既能充分挤压乳晕下的乳窦(乳窦是贮存乳汁的地方)使乳汁排出,又能有效地刺激乳头上的感觉神经末档,促进泌乳和喷乳反射,只有这种正确的吸吮动作才能起到使乳汁越吸越多的目的。
 
  如果含接姿势不正确,婴儿单单含住母亲的乳头,则不能将乳汁挤出来,婴儿因吸不到乳汁,就拼命加压于乳头,往往可造成乳头破裂、出血,喂奶时母亲会感到刺激电话般亲因为疼痛会减少哺乳次数,缩短哺乳时间,这样乳汁分泌就更趋于减少。
 
  ·不用奶瓶,不喂糖水和牛奶
 
  在喂哺新生儿时有时会出现一种异常现象,孩子虽然很饿,但是不愿吸吮母亲的乳头,刚吸一两口就大噘不停,细问根由,原来这些孩子往往都使用过橡皮奶头。这种现象医学上称之为“奶头错觉”。因为用奶瓶喂养与母亲哺乳时婴儿口腔内的运动情况是不同的,用奶瓶喂养时橡皮奶头较长,塞满了整个口腔,婴儿只需用上、下唇轻轻挤压橡皮奶头,不必动舌头,液体就会通过开口较大的橡皮奶头流入口内。
 
  而吸吮母亲乳头时婴儿必须先伸出舌头,卷住乳头拉入自己的口腔内,使乳头和乳晕的大部分形成一个长乳头,然后用舌将长乳头顶向硬腭,用这种方法来挤压出积聚在乳晕下(乳窦中)的奶汁。相比之下,橡皮奶头和人的乳头无论在形状、质地及吸吮过程中口腔内的动作都截然不同。吸吮橡皮奶头省力,容易得到乳汁;而乳房必须靠有力的吸吮刺激才能促进泌乳和喷乳(下奶),如果婴儿拒绝吸吮母亲的乳头,这样就严重地影响了母乳喂养的顺利进行。所以,你得千万注意,不要用奶瓶及橡皮奶头进行喂养。
 
  凡是正常的新生儿出生时体内已储备了一定的水份和热量,而且婴儿初生时胃容量很小,初乳虽然量不是很多,但只要婴儿频繁地吸吮还是完全能满足婴儿需要的。可是有些母亲或家属担心初乳量太少会饿坏婴儿,就用奶瓶给孩子喂糖水或牛奶,他们不知这种做法恰恰会妨碍日后母乳喂养的顺利进行。因为第一会产生上述的奶头错觉,婴儿拒绝吃母乳,第二婴儿被喂饱糖水或牛奶后失去了渴求吸吮母乳的欲望;乳头由于得不到频繁的吸吮刺激,乳汁分泌就会减慢、减少,到头来,就会人为地造成不乳汁不足的现象。
 
  ·早期乳房排空
 
  母亲在每次充分哺乳后应挤净乳房内的余奶。手工挤奶的方法为:在离乳头二横指(约3cm)处挤压乳晕,并从各个方向沿着乳头依次挤净所有的乳窦,以排空乳房内的余奶,在产后最初几天起就要做此项工作。
 
  实践证明,这样做能促进乳汁分泌增多。因为每次哺乳后进行乳房排空能使乳腺导管始终保持通畅,乳汁的分泌排出就不会受阻。乳汁排空后乳房内张力降低,乳房局部血液供应好,也避免了乳导管内过高的压力对乳腺细胞和肌细胞的损伤,从而有利于泌乳和喷乳。
 
  从另一方面来讲,乳房是个非常精细的供需器官,婴儿吸吮次数越多,即需要多,乳汁分泌也就越多,排空乳房的动作类似于婴儿的吸吮刺激,可使使乳汁的分泌。有些婴儿可能在出生的最初几天吸吮无力或吸吮次数不足,因此,在吸吮后排空乳房就显得更有必要,而且这种额外刺激能通过泌乳反射促使下次乳汁分泌增多,这样才能婴儿日益增长的需要。
 
  对母亲来说,每次哺乳后仍能挤出多量的乳汁也是对母亲的一种最好的精神安慰,可以显示自己的奶量富富有余,而去添加牛奶等辅助食品,从而更能把注意力集中到纯母乳喂养中。这样就可以形成一个良性循环。
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