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宝妈的一不小心，这些都有可能让你不孕不育

发布日期：2024-08-27 18:57:36编辑：秩名


有人说，发现不孕，先查男性；也有人说，不孕的原因女性占三分之二；那到底哪个才对呢？事实上，事物没有绝对，疾病也是如此。作为受孕双方的两个个体，任何一方的问题都会导致不孕。 
 

临床上，经常碰到这样信誓旦旦的小夫妻：

 
“我肯定没有问题，您还是多给他做检查吧！”
 
“我跟前女朋友就曾经怀上过，所以肯定不是我的事！”
 
“我曾经做过人工流产，我怎么会有问题，一定是他的问题。”
 
“我们俩都做过婚检孕检，都没问题，肯定是别的因素。”
 
…… 
 
婚后迟迟没有“喜讯”传来，这是每个家庭最郁闷的事，然而此时，大多数家庭都会出现彼此质疑，为自己开脱的情况。殊不知，丹麦一项大样本研究显示，结婚多年怀不上孩子的夫妻中，男女因素所占的比例持平。那么，我们的误区究竟在哪里？
 
婚检正常不等于生殖能力正常：一般婚检项目主要检查的是性传播疾病和遗传疾病，体格检查中对生殖器的检查也仅限于外观，并不包括对生殖能力的检测。所以，婚检正常不代表生育能力就正常。
 
以前有生育能力不等于现在有生育能力：医学研究证明，男性的生育能力受精神压力的影响非常明显，而应酬中经常出现的烟、酒、桑拿等对生育能力的影响也非常大。女性也有相同的情况，可能一次很小的生殖系统感染，若治疗不当，也会引起不孕。所以说，以前有生育能力，未必现在就有生育能力。
 
外表强壮不等于生殖能力强：外表和生育能力没有任何关系，男女都一样。可是，对于部分不孕的女性来说，自己的身体可能会感到一些不适，比如月经周期不准、下腹部疼痛不适等，而有的女性不孕症患者自身也没有任何感觉。对于不育的男性来说，大部分不会有任何不适感。
 
精液多不等于生育能力强：因为精液中大部分的成分是前列腺液，精子只占其中约10%，而这10%的精子的健康状况才决定着男性的生育能力。
 
那么，造成不孕的原因究竟有哪些呢？
 

引起女性不孕的因素 

 
阴道因素：因阴道闭锁或阴道中隔等先天因素引起性交障碍或困难，从而影响精子进入女方生殖道。再者，由于霉菌、滴虫、淋球菌等感染造成阴道炎症改变了阴道生化环境，降低精子活动力和生存能力，从而影响受孕机会。
 
宫颈因素：宫颈狭窄、息肉、肿瘤、粘连等均可影响精子通过；宫颈糜烂，其炎性渗出物有杀精作用；宫颈黏液中存在抗精子抗体，不利于精子穿透宫颈管或完全使精子失去活动能力，其中值得引起注意的是未婚先孕人工流产后所致的宫颈粘连，尤其是反复人流时更容易造成这一严重并发症，把精子拒之于宫颈口之外。宫颈管的先天性异常多伴有月经异常或痛经，女孩子在初潮后就会去医院检查。而淋球菌等所致宫颈炎则是通过性生活感染的，常导致宫颈管闭锁或狭窄。宫颈内口松弛症是引起习惯性晚期流产而致不育的常见原因之一。当妊娠月份增大，胎囊重量增加超过宫颈管的承受能力时，颈管扩张，胎囊鼓出并破水，胎儿及胎盘相继排出，常发生在妊娠3个月以后。
 
子宫因素：先天性无子宫、幼稚型子宫及无宫腔的实性子宫等发育不良或畸形都会影响女子的生育能力。子宫后位或严重后屈、子宫内膜炎症、宫腔粘连都是造成不孕的原因。约75%的子宫内膜异位症患者有不孕史，这是因为它会引起子宫后位粘连，活动差，也可引起输卵管粘连，导致蠕动能力下降。
 
输卵管因素：输卵管过长或狭窄，输卵管炎症引起管腔闭塞、积水或粘连，均会妨碍精子、卵子或受精卵的运行。输卵管疾病可占女性不孕的25%，是不孕的重要原因，造成炎症的疾病包括结核、内膜异位症、滴虫、淋病及其他病原菌感染。
 
卵巢因素：卵巢滤泡发育不全，不能排卵并形成黄体、卵巢早衰、多囊性卵巢、卵巢肿瘤等影响卵泡发育或卵子排出的因素都会造成不孕。
 
内分泌因素：当下丘脑发育成熟不全或下丘脑周期中枢成熟延迟，使下丘脑－垂体－卵巢轴三者之间的调节不完善，于是表现为无排卵月经，闭经或黄体功能失调，这些都是不孕症的可能原因。另外，甲状腺功能亢进或低下，肾上腺皮质功能亢进或低下也能影响卵巢功能并阻碍排卵。
 
先天性因素：严重的先天性生殖系统发育不全，这类病人常伴有原发性闭经、性染色体异常，例如特纳综合征、真假两性畸形、染色体异常造成的习惯性流产等。
 
全身性因素：营养障碍、代谢性疾病、慢性消耗性疾病、单纯性肥胖等。服用生棉籽油、有毒化学试剂、放射线照射、微波等物理因素。
 
精神神经因素：植物性神经系统功能失调、精神病、环境性闭经、神经性厌食、假孕等。 
 
其他免疫性不孕：血型不合，如Rh因子或ABO溶血造成的习惯性流产或死胎。
 

引起男性不育的因素 

 
精液异常：如无精子或精子数过少，活力减弱，形态异常。
 
精子运送受阻：附睾及输精管结核可使输精管阻塞，阻碍精子通过。阳痿、早泄不能使精子进入女性阴道。
 
免疫因素：精子、精浆在体内产生对抗自身精子的抗体可造成男性不育，射出的精子发生自身凝集而不能穿过宫颈黏液。 
 
内分泌功能障碍：男性内分泌受下丘脑－垂体－睾丸轴调节。垂体、甲状腺及肾上腺功能障碍可能影响精子的产生而引起不孕。
 
性功能异常：外生殖器发育不良或阳痿致性交困难等。
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