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胎教音乐会损害胎儿听力吗？专家：音乐胎教对胎儿发育根本没有

发布日期：2022-06-04 11:00:41编辑：佚名

由于母亲怀孕期间不恰当的胎教，导致一名出生才一个月的婴儿听觉神经受损。原本就颇具争议的胎教再起波澜。而胎教音乐会损害胎儿的听力和胎儿到底能否听到外界的音乐就成了人们关注的焦点问题。

胎教音乐会损害胎儿听力吗

起因：

湖北的罗女士怀孕后，为了生一个聪明的宝宝，便到音像店买来胎教音乐磁带，每天调高录音机音量，对着肚子放音乐。有时候，由于她怕胎儿听不到音乐，干脆将录音机直接贴在自己肚子上。

当孩子已经出生一个月了，可罗女士总感觉孩子不对劲，好像完全听不到外界的声音。日前，罗女士抱着自己的孩子来到武汉大学中南医院听力测试中心，想给孩子做个全面听力检查。

经过听力测试中心医生的检查，这个孩子被诊断为听觉神经受到损害，以致听力受损。更让罗女士吃惊的是，医生说这可能与她怀孕期间进行的音乐胎教有关。

一、有专家认为胎儿根本没有听觉，无法确定是胎教音乐损害了听觉神经。

其实一直以来对于胎教的争议颇多，有的专家认为胎儿在母体内是听不到任何声音的，音乐胎教对胎儿发育根本没有任何作用。中华预防医学会及中华儿童保健学会常务理事丁宗一教授就对胎教提出过批评，丁宗一教授认为，胎儿只有出生以后才有听觉功能，才能听见音乐。有电生理实验证明，声音传给胎儿，胎儿的心率、胎动、呼吸会产生变化，说明声音对胎儿产生刺激，但声音对胎儿来讲，并不是你放什么音乐，他就听到什么音乐，无论何种音乐对胎儿来讲都是噪声，胎儿无法感觉到音乐，只能感觉到一种声音的刺激。

所以当记者就此事采访中国聋儿康复研究中心副主任医师龙墨时，龙医生说，首先是要确定胎儿到底能不能听到母体外的声音，而且出生儿由于药物、遗传等原因可能出现很多先天性耳聋。因此不能肯定地认为是胎教音乐损害了孩子的听力。但是有一点不能否认，长期大音量的刺激，肯定会对听觉神经有影响。

武汉大学中南医院听力测试中心医生叶林峰则认为，罗女士是因为直接将扬声器放在腹壁上，声波进入母体，使腹中胎儿受到高频声音的刺激。长此以往，便容易对胎儿的耳蜗及听觉神经造成损伤，引起听力障碍，甚至耳聋。

二、那胎儿到底有没有听觉呢？

中国科学院声学研究所研究员、我国第一位从事人体透声试验的声学研究者邵道远教授，在上个世纪80年代曾经和北大人民医院妇科专家联合做过一个人体透声的实验，邵教授他们先把麦克风包裹在等同于孕妇脂肪厚度的猪肉里，而后在猪肉的周围放音乐。实验结果发现，透过猪肉，麦克风是能接收到音乐的。在人民医院，邵教授在妇产科医生的协助下，找了四位准备做堕胎手术的孕妇，由医生把一个很小的麦克风放置在子宫中胎儿的附近。从空气中传到孕妇腹部里的音乐就全部被记录了下来。回放的结果显示，音乐也能传到子宫内部。

确定音乐能够传到子宫，接下来就要弄清楚，胎儿究竟能不能听到音乐呢？邵教授说，胎儿发育到5至6个月的时候，听觉神经系统发育已经比较完全，大脑能处理外界传入的声音。但是母体子宫里充满了羊水，胎儿正常的胎位是头向下，胎儿实际是浮在羊水里面，耳朵里面也充满了羊水。在这种环境中，胎儿听到音乐的原理就和花样游泳运动员在水下听到音乐的原理是一致的。

花样游泳运动员在水下听不到空气中的声音，这是因为空气中的声音通过水面时，被反射掉了。而通常情况下，表演花样游泳的时候，采用的是两个放音系统，一个是空气中的放音，一个是水下放音。一般人在空气中听声音是用耳朵听，通过耳膜的振动，把声音传到鼓膜，由鼓膜振动再传到脑膜来听的。但是运动员在水下听音乐不是通过耳朵来听，而是通过头盖骨感受到的，这就叫做骨传导。因为水对声音的阻抗和密度与声速是相近的，所以声波能够引起头盖骨的振动，这种振动传到内耳经过大脑的分析也就听到声音了。所以人的听觉有两个通道，一个是气道，一个是骨道。空气当中的阻抗很低，密度也低，骨道是不起作用的。所以邵教授认为，胎儿在子宫内充满羊水的环境里是通过骨传导来听音乐的。

三、胎教音乐对胎儿及其听力有什么影响？

音乐胎教已经在很多国家运用，给未出生的胎儿播放音乐，更多地是想给胎儿提供一种良性刺激。中国优生优育协会胎教专业委员会主任委员刘泽伦教授曾经做过一项实验，分别测试50名女大学生在吵闹音乐和舒缓音乐中血液微循环的变化。结果显示，在吵闹音乐中有96％的人血管收缩，而在舒缓音乐中有92％的人则表现为血管扩张。

刘泽伦教授说，这种生理上的效应宝宝聪胎教损伤听力，说明不同音乐对人会产生不同影响。而孕妇听音乐时的微循环变化会影响胎盘和脐带向胎儿输送的血量，从而产生良性的或不良的影响。也有心理学家认为，胎教音乐能使孕妇心旷神怡，浮想联翩，从而改善不良情绪，产生良好的心境，并将这种信息传递给腹中的胎儿，使其深受感染。

邵道远教授提到在音乐的选择上，胎教音乐必须是经过专业选择和设计，孕妇应该听一些节奏柔和舒缓的轻音乐，像一些节奏起伏比较大的交响乐，尤其是摇滚乐、迪斯科舞曲等刺激性较强的音乐，都不适合孕妇听。胎教音乐应该在频率、节奏、力度和混响分贝范围等方面，尽可能与孕妇子宫内的胎音合拍、共振。

刘泽伦教授也建议，对孕妇进行音乐胎教，不要贴近腹部播放大音量音乐，要保持一定距离，而且应该在胎儿发育到24周以后才开始宝宝聪胎教损伤听力，这个时候胎儿的外耳、中耳、内耳基本上已经发育成熟。

苏北淮安市妇幼保健院开设了专门供孕妇使用的“音乐氧吧”，准妈妈们在欣赏优美动听的胎教音乐的同时，呼吸着有助于胎儿大脑发育的氧气，此举有效地减少了孕妇因“羊水少、妊娠高血压综合症”等引起的“胎儿宫内窘迫”。

相关链接：音乐胎教对胎教音乐有何要求 音乐胎教传声器离肚皮2厘米 音乐胎教不当可致胎儿聋
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