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手足口病的5大症状，教你怎么判断是不是手足口病(2)

发布日期：2021-06-26 12:40:08编辑：妈妈育儿网

症状三、手、足、臀等部位有疱疹
手足口病患者会在自身的手、足、臀部、臂部、腿部起有红点，医学上称之为丘疹，之后会转为有内里有液体呈水泡状的疱疹。通常首先会长在手足部较多，掌背面都会有，皮疹数量以少则几个，多则几十个分布在全身上述部位。
 
如何判断
检查宝宝的双手、双脚，看有没有米粒大小的疱疹，如有的话，再看看胸部、腹部、背部有没有疱疹，要是这些部位没有，而手足、臀部位却有，说明不是湿疹或过敏，而是手足口病引起的，尤其是5岁以下的幼儿。
 
怎么办
一般手足口病的疱疹会在一周左右自动痊愈，并且消退后不留痕迹，患者不用担心留疤，疱疹期间建议做好以下护理工作：
 
1、局部涂药
 
手足部皮疹初期可涂炉甘石洗剂，待有疱疹形成时可涂0.5%碘伏。疱疹破裂者，局部可涂擦龙胆紫或抗菌素软膏；疱疹有溃疡可以用金霉素鱼肝油，以缓解疼痛，禁止外用含皮肤激素的各种制剂。也可在医生指导下，服用抗病毒药物及清热解毒中草药，补充维生素B、C等。
 
2、保持患处清洁
 
保持局部皮肤清洁，勤洗手，避免搔抓患处，以免继发细菌感染。对出现皮疹、水泡的患儿，衣被要清洁，衣着要宽松、柔软；臀部有皮疹的患儿，应随时清理患儿的大小便，保持臀部清洁干燥。
 
3、剪短指甲
 
剪短孩子的指甲，必要时包裹患儿双手，防止抓破皮疹，带来继发的皮肤细菌感染。如已经抓破的话，建议局部涂抹一些抗生素预防感染。
症状四、发烧
在手足口病病期高发期期间，家长就要做好定期检测体温的工作，当宝宝表现出发热症状时，赶紧给宝宝量体温，看是否超过37.5度。
 
如何判断
1、低烧：指体温在37.5℃～38℃；
 
2、中等度发烧：体温在38.1℃～39℃；
 
3、高烧：指体温在39.1℃～40.4℃；
 
4、超高烧：体温在40.5℃以上。
 
准备一个体温计，采用以下任一方法量体温，查看度数时，一手横拿体温表的上端，使表与眼平行，轻轻转动体温表，就可清晰地看到水银柱上升的度数。测毕后，体温表用冷水予以清洗，擦干后收存。具体测量方法如下：
 
（1）口腔测量法
 
将口表消毒、擦干，将水银头端放于患者舌下，让患者紧闭口唇，切勿用牙咬，也不要说话，以免体温表被咬碎或脱落。3分钟后取出，在光亮处，将体温表横持，并慢慢转动，观察水平线位置的水银柱所在刻度。正常的口腔温度为36.2～37.2℃。
 
（2）腋下测量法
 
擦干患者腋下，将腋表轻轻放入患者腋下，使水银头端位于腋窝的顶部，让患者夹紧腋窝。5～10分钟后取出，查看方法同口表。正常腋下体温为36～37℃。
 
（3）肛门测量法
 
让患者屈膝侧卧或俯卧，露出臀部，将涂有凡士林或肥皂液的肛表水银端，轻轻插入肛门内约3～4厘米。3分钟后取出，用软纸擦净体温表后，读出体温刻度。正常肛门体温为36.5～37.7℃。
 
怎么办
1、中低烧的情况可采取以下方法降温退烧：
 
（1）解开衣物
 
宝宝腋下温度量了是发烧的话，这时可解开宝宝领口、外层的衣物，或者换上轻薄的衣服，有利于宝宝散热，宝宝也会舒适一些，减少哭闹。
 
（2）多喂水
 
宝宝处于发烧的情况下，体内水分容易流失较多，家长可时不时的给宝宝喂食一些凉白开，补充体内水分。另外多饮水也能带走一些热量，调节体温，让宝宝舒适一些，还能促进排尿，排出毒素。
 
（3）通风散热
 
发烧的情况下，还要保证房间多通风，注意散热，衣着宽大，忌用棉被包裹。夏天可使用空调，室温控制在27℃左右，注意定时开窗通风，使房间空气对流。
 
（4）冷湿敷
 
将毛巾放入冷水中浸湿，拧成半干，敷在患者的额头、面部、腋下或者腹股沟等大血管部位，每3—5分钟更换一次，可以降低血管温度，有利于患者退烧。也可用毛巾包着冰块或者使用冰枕。特别是要冷敷额头，还可以保护大脑不被烧坏。
 
（5）贴退热贴
 
宝宝在发烧的情况下，还可使用退烧贴进行降温，一般家长给宝宝贴一片退热贴粘在宝宝的额头上即可起到降温的效果。
 
2、高烧或持续发烧需就医用药
 
当患者体温超过38.5℃或采取上述方法退烧不管用还持续发烧的情况下，患者还伴有脸热、烦躁、精神状态不好时，说明患者的病情很可能往重症方向发展，此时必须考虑使用退烧药，并及时就医治疗，在医生的指导建议下用药，不可以自行随意用药。
 
症状五、部分患者有咳嗽、头疼、恶心、呕吐
少部分手足口病的患者除了上述病症外，还可能会出现一些轻微咳嗽、头痛、恶心、呕吐等症状，出现这些症状时需对症采取护理措施，一般只是偶尔出现，若伴有持续性的上述症状，需及时就医，可能病情比较严重了。
 
怎么预防手足口病
 
手足口病是一种由肠道病毒引起的儿童常见的传染病，病毒可通过飞沫进入人体，由于小儿免疫力比较低，所以5岁以下更容易发病，预防措施如下：
（1）预防由 EV71 病毒感染引起的手足口病可采取接种肠道病毒 71 型 (EV71) 灭活疫苗，来减少重症和死亡病例的发生。有条件者可以考虑接种。
 
（2）做好手部卫生：家长应让患儿在吃饭前、饭后使用洗手液清洗双手。
 
（3）应注意对幼儿奶瓶、奶嘴进行清洁，手足口病流行期间避免到人流集中或空气流通差的场所；注意家庭环境卫生、保持空气流通，对幼儿的玩具、卫生用具等每日消毒。
 
（4）当发现患儿出现手足口病症状时应及时就医，应立即隔离并避免交叉感染。
关于手足口病的一些知识就先跟大家讲到这里了，手足口病有非常强的传染性，危害性也非常大。一旦感染上手足口病不及时治疗，很有可能危及生命。预防手足口病在接种疫苗的同时，也要做好相应的护理工作，饭前饭后勤洗手、衣服在太阳底下晒晒、保持室内通风、远离感染患者等等，只有这样才能避免被手足口病侵害。
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