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如何防止几乎每一个小孩都曾有过呕吐的现象

发布日期：2022-06-04 16:13:28编辑：佚名

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婴儿都多少会有噎奶的症状9月大婴儿呕吐没有发热，有的噎出在嘴内然后再吞下，有的则随着打嗝而吐出。到底怎么样的呕吐才算是病的症状或只是一种正常的现象可以不去管它呢？这问题可能是每一个为人父母者会碰到的。在此举出一些小...儿呕吐的原因，以便父母发现后能迅速送医治疗。实际上，引起呕吐的原因是很多的，要将其做出一完整的系列是很难的，为了方便起见，可依小儿之年龄分做三组来分析：（一）新生儿期（出生至满月）；（二）婴儿期（满月至周岁）；（三）小儿期（周岁以后）。（一）新生儿期的呕吐（出生至满月）：新生儿期，正常的婴儿在喂食之后偶而会有噎奶的现象，这是很普遍的。如果噎出量少或次数多，而且没有喂食的困难及体重之增加也正常的话，可能是没有什么问题的（通常出生后头三天体重会减轻，多时可减少10％左右，到第八天体重恢复）。在出生头一两天有的婴儿呕吐次数相当多，的确很令人困扰。在没有什么明显的病因下，这可能与胎儿吞食羊水或胎便或生产过程吞进血液引起胃壁之刺激有关。这种婴儿常常在洗胃之后就症状消失，或在没有什么治疗之下几天后也会自然消失。

如果有以下列情况，则表示某种病的存在，应迅速送医治疗：1持续性的呕吐（可能肠阻塞或其他严重的疾病）；2．呕吐物带血（可能是裂孔赫尼亚）；3．呕吐物带有胆汁或绿色物质（有肠阻塞的可能，除非已知是其他疾病，像是严重之感染或生产时之损伤等）；4倦睡。吸吮能力差及食欲不好（可能是脑膜炎、败血症等）；5腹胀（可能是下肠道之阻塞或内脏穿孔）；6体重不增甚至下降；7脱水现象（皮肤松弛、口唇干燥）；8发烧（可能是脱水或感染引起）；9出生24小时尚无胎便排出（通常出生10小时左右就应排出）；10．腹部表现可见肠之蠕动；11腹部可摸到肿块；12囱门凸出（内出血或感染）；13．黄疸（核黄疸、大脑受到损伤）。（二）婴儿期的呕吐（满月至周岁）：1、非器官上之疾病：此乃人为或环境因素所引起，大多是因为不正确之喂食法而引起。最普遍的原因是由于吞进过多的空气。喂母乳的婴儿吸吮过久（正常一次哺乳是10～15分钟）或吸吮无奶以至吸食过多的空气。喂牛乳的婴儿吸进过多的空气，大多是因奶头太小，吸食时间过长（奶头孔之大小以倒置奶瓶时可慢慢滴出为适，每瓶奶之喂食时间以不超过10～15分为原则）。喂食过多对早产儿亦为呕吐原因之一。

喂食后应抱起婴儿直立位置，拍拍背部让气体嗝出，可使呕吐较少发生，这对早产儿尤其重要。不正确的断乳法亦为呕吐原因之一。通常4～5个月开始喂浓调饮食，包括水果、蔬菜、肉汁等，若延迟至5个月后，婴儿不易接受新的食物，6～7个月后婴儿会咀嚼时才可给予固体食物。一种新食物之给予应从少量逐渐开始，食物应依流体、半流体、固体之次序增加。若依此断奶之原则来给予新的食物，婴儿也就不会因强行喂食或不易接受新的食物而呕吐了。哭了太久，吞下去过多的空气也会引起呕吐。改变环境引起的所谓旅行病，在婴儿5～6个月起就可能会发生，这也是呕吐原因之一。这种非器官上之原因，只要父母小心，即可矫正过来或避免发生。2、器官上之原因：如果小儿本来好好的，突然发生呕吐现象，或本来有发烧，然后加上呕吐，或除了呕吐外尚有其他症状或不足够之体重上升甚或下降，或呕吐物带有血等均应考虑有器官上之病因存在。（三）小儿期（周岁以后）：1、此时期常见精神上的因素引起呕吐之情形，例如：期望着远足或什么节日的聚会9月大婴儿呕吐没有发热，过度兴奋而引起呕吐；因害怕或焦虑上学，离家而在早上发生呕吐的情形；因父母不留意之暗示或看到别的小孩呕吐而模仿发生呕吐的现象。2、周期性呕吐，主要发生于3～7岁的小孩，原因未明。

过敏、心理上因素、腹部癫痛，及感染都可能引起发作。有病应就医诊治。本症随年纪的增加而变得较轻微，青春期时自然会消失。3、器官上疾病：感染：特别是扁桃腺炎、中耳炎最常见。其他如脑膜炎、阑尾炎、肠系膜炎等均会引呕吐的现象；肠阻塞；睾丸扭转；食物、药物中毒，铅中毒是原因之一。总之，小儿呕吐原因很多，父母应依以上所述，避免小儿因父母之疏忽而引起不必要的呕吐。如果呕吐一旦发生，自己无法在家处理时，应带往医院。医师应依靠你详细的病厉述说、身体检查及实验室测定来诊断小儿呕吐的原因，而后做适当的治疗，除去病因并矫正因呕吐所可能引起的脱水、酸中毒或碱中毒等现象。新妈妈们都有过这样的经验好不容易才喂好宝宝食物，宝宝却把食物都吐，有时正在给宝宝喂食物的时候，宝宝也会出现呕吐的情况，这时候妈妈难免着急而弄得手忙脚乱，秋露薇语给新妈妈们介绍一些护理宝宝呕吐的小窍门，妈妈们在护理方面，应该注意：1.饮食宜定时定量，不宜太饱，食物宜新鲜、卫生。不要过食辛辣、熏烤和肥腻的食物。2.哺乳不宜过急，以防吞进空气。哺乳后可抱正身体轻拍背部，使吸入的空气得以排出。3.呕吐较轻者，可以进食易消化的流质食物，宜少量多次进食。呕吐较重者，暂时应该禁食。

4.呕吐时要让患儿侧卧，以防呕吐时食物呛入气管。5.给小儿服药时药液不要太热，服药宜缓，可采用少量多次服法，必要时可服一口，停一息，然后再服。在中成药服用上，可以对症选药：1.小儿出生后因肚腹胀满而呕吐频繁，可用一捻金。2.小儿受寒邪而呕吐，宜用藿香正气胶囊。3.小儿因脾胃虚弱而呕吐，宜用附子理中丸。看过之后新妈妈们这回新里有数了吧，下回遇到宝宝出现呕吐的现象时也就不用再手忙脚乱了。
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