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影响孩子一生的36种好习惯(3)

发布日期：2010-06-26 14:08:57编辑：admin

四、好习惯要培养，坏习惯要纠正

对于父母来说，要注意培养孩子的良好习惯，更要注意不要让孩子养成不良的习惯。因为坏习惯一旦养成，就具有自然的驱动力和心理惯性，有时候就算没有外部条件，习惯行为也同样可以做出。许多孩子有时候知道自己有不良的习惯，但是往往控制不住自己而重复不良的习惯。这时候，父母要帮助孩子抑制和纠正坏习惯

那么，什么是坏习惯呢？叶圣陶认为，习惯不嫌其多，但有两种习惯养成不得，除此之外，其他的习惯多多益善。这两种习惯就是：不养成什么习惯的习惯和妨害他人的习惯。

什么是“不养成什么习惯的习惯”呢？叶圣陶用日常生活中的某些习惯的养成来说明不养成什么习惯的害处。他说：“坐要端正，站要挺直，每天要洗脸漱口，每事要有头有尾，这些都是一个人的起码习惯。有了这些习惯，身体和精神就能保持起码的健康，但这些习惯不是短时间内就形成的，要逐渐养成。在没有养成的时候，多少需要一些强制工夫，自己得随时警觉，直到‘习惯成自然’，就成为终身受用的习惯。可是如果起先没有强制与警觉，今天东、明天西，今儿这样，明儿又那样，就可能什么习惯也养不成。久而久之，这就成为一种习惯，牢牢地在身上生了根。这就是不养成什么习惯的习惯，最要不得。” 这种习惯与其他种种习惯冲突，一旦养成，其他种种习惯就很少有养成的希望了。

什么是“妨害他人的习惯”呢？叶圣陶举例说：“走进一间屋子，砰的一声把门推开；喉间一口痰上来了，噗的一声吐在地上；这些好像是无关紧要的事，但这既影响他人学习和工作，又可能传播病菌，一旦习以为常，就成为一种妨害他人的习惯。” 妨害他人的习惯是恶劣品质形成的重要根源。如果一个人不明了自己与他人的密切关系，不懂得爱护他人，一切习惯偏向妨害他人的方面，就极有可能成为一个恶人。

对于好习惯要培养，坏习惯要纠正。中国青少年研究中心副主任孙云晓的公式是：培养好习惯用加法，克服坏习惯用减法。

例如，在培养孩子的读书习惯时，可结合孩子兴趣特点先选择故事书，由浅入深，由短到长。不在一朝一夕，贵在长久坚持。一位细心的妈妈观察写作业的儿子，一会喝水，一会撒尿，不到一小时出来四五次。这位妈妈看在眼里却没有急于求成，而是在第二天孩子写作业前给孩子提了个建议：坐下前把该办的事办好，我看你写作业时出来三次完全可以。孩子在妈妈的鼓励下果真少出去一次；过几天妈妈又提议再减少一次，孩子又轻松做到了。家长的要求依次递减，直到孩子可以集中精力把作业写完，既帮孩子克服了不良习惯，更重要的是保护了孩子的自信心。

这种方法是教育学上所说的“厌恶法”，这种厌恶法不仅可以纠正孩子在行为上的习惯，而且对纠正孩子某些心理上的坏习惯也有较好的作用。

当然，纠正孩子不良的习惯不仅需要行为的弱化，还需要大人们配合做一些思想工作，如心理辅导和正向诱导，各种方法共同参与、协调配合，坏习惯是可以消除的。

五、纠正孩子坏习惯要有毅力

俄罗斯教育家乌申斯基说：“好习惯是人在神经系统中存放的资本，这个资本会不断增长，一个人毕生都可以享用到它的利息。而坏习惯是道德上无法偿清的债务，这种债务能以不断增长的利息折磨人，使他最好的创举失败，并把他引到道德破产的地步。”确实如此，如果孩子养成了一种坏习惯，他将一辈子受这种坏习惯的折磨。

美国研究发现，养成一个习惯需要21天。也就是说，教育孩子养成一种好习惯至少要21天的时间。但是，如果孩子已经养成一种坏习惯，要纠正孩子的这种坏习惯，需要花费的时间却比21天要多。这就要求父母在纠正孩子坏习惯的过程中要有毅力。

事实上，在纠正孩子坏习惯时，父母应该直接提出坏习惯的不良影响，并以此触动孩子的心灵，这样纠正起来相对容易得多。

在《钢铁是怎样炼成的》一书中有这样的情节：有一次，保尔参加青年团员们的争论：人能不能克服已养成的习惯，如吸烟？保尔说：“人应该支配习惯，而不是习惯支配人。”

当时有位青年嘲笑说：“保尔就会说漂亮话……问他自己抽不抽烟？抽的。他知不知道吸烟没有好处？知道的。可是戒掉呢———又戒不掉。”

保尔听后，马上将口中正抽着的烟卷拿下来揉碎，说：“从今天以后，我绝不再抽烟。”从此，保尔戒掉了几乎是从儿童时代就养成的抽烟习惯。

坏习惯难以改掉的一个重要原因，是决心不大、毅力不强。富兰克林说：“习惯就利用轻忽，嗜好有时比理由还强硬。”对于抽烟这个坏习惯，不少烟民都想改，但为什么有的改掉了，有的改不掉？关键是不仅要认识到坏习惯的危害，而且要痛下决心去改。这样，诸如吸烟、酗酒、随地吐痰等不好的习惯，都是可以改掉的。

教育学家威廉·坎宁安说过这样一个寓言

一个人正在沙漠里散步，突然，一个声音对他说：“捡一些卵石放在你的口袋里吧，明天你会又高兴又后悔的。”

这个人弯腰捡了一把卵石放进口袋。
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